• The Supreme Court ruled that the affirmative action admission policies of Harvard and the University of North Carolina, which gave weight to a would-be student's race, are unconstitutional.
• The ruling is a massive blow to decades-old efforts to boost enrollment of racial minorities at American universities.
• The court's majority opinion said that the schools' affirmative action programs "unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points."
• Justice Sonia Sotomayor said in a dissent: "Today, this Court stands in the way and rolls back decades of precedent and momentous progress."

The Supreme Court on Thursday ruled that the affirmative action admission policies of Harvard and the University of North Carolina are unconstitutional.

The ruling is a massive blow to decades-old efforts to boost enrollment of minorities at American universities through policies that took into account applicants' race.

"Eliminating racial discrimination means eliminating all of it," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts in the majority opinion, which all five of his fellow conservative justices joined in.

Roberts wrote said that both Harvard's and UNC's affirmative action programs "unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points."

"We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today," Roberts wrote, finding that the universities' policies violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution's 14th Amendment. The clause bars states from denying people equal protection under the law.

The chief justice added, however, that "nothing prohibits universities from considering an applicant's discussion of how race affected the applicant's life, so long as that discussion is concretely tied to a quality of character or unique ability that the particular applicant can contribute to the university."

Justice Clarence Thomas, a Black conservative who wrote a concurring opinion, said that the schools' affirmative action admissions policies "fly In the face of our colorblind Constitution."

"Two discriminatory wrongs can not make a right," wrote Thomas.

In her dissent to the majority, liberal Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, who is Black, called the ruling "truly a tragedy for us all."

Her fellow liberal, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, said, "Today, this Court stands in the way and rolls back decades of precedent and momentous progress."

Sotomayor, calling the ruling "profoundly wrong" and "devastating," said that the majority "holds that race can no longer be used in a limited way in college admissions to achieve such critical benefits."

In doing so, she argued the Supreme Court "cements a superficial rule of colorblindness as a constitutional principle in an endemically segregated society where race has always mattered and continues to matter."

Thursday's ruling dealt with two separate, but related cases, one for Harvard, the other for UNC.

In the Harvard case, the vote on the decision was 6-2, with Jackson taking no part in considering the case. Jackson last year during her Senate confirmation hearings agreed to recuse herself in the case involving Harvard, whose Board of Overseers she served on until early 2022.

In the UNC case, the vote was 6-3, with Jackson participating in considering the case and dissenting with Sotomayor and Justice Elena Kagan, the court's third liberal.

President Joe Biden said, "The court has effectively ended affirmative action in college admissions, and I strongly, strongly disagree with the court's decision."

"Discrimination still exists in America," Biden said at the White House, repeating that phrase several times. "Today's decision does not change that."

Asked by a reporter if "this a rogue court," Biden paused at a door he was about to exit through, and was silent for several seconds.

"This is not a normal one," Biden finally said.

Harvard in a lengthy statement said, "We will certainly comply with the Court's decision."

But the statement added, "In the weeks and months ahead, drawing on the talent and expertise of our Harvard community, we will determine how to preserve, consistent with the Court's new precedent, our essential values."

Harvard, which began classes in 1636, did not admit Black undergraduates until 1847, the university noted.

UNC Chancellor Kevin Guskiewicz, in a statement, said, "Carolina remains firmly committed to bringing together talented students with different perspectives and life experiences and continues to make an affordable, high-quality education accessible to the people of North Carolina and beyond."

"While not the outcome we hoped for, we will carefully review the Supreme Court's decision and take any steps necessary to comply with the law," Guskiewicz said.

Former President Donald Trump, who is seeking the 2024 Republican presidential nomination, in a statement said, "This is a great day for America."

"We're going back to all merit-based — and that's the way it should be!" said Trump, who graduated from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League school like Harvard, after growing up the son of a wealthy New York real estate developer.

In a footnote to the majority opinion in the case, Roberts indicated that the decision does not apply to the United States military academies.

The Biden administration had filed a legal brief arguing that race-based admissions to American colleges further "compelling interests" at the military academies, Roberts noted.

"No military academy is a party to these cases, however, and none of the courts below addressed the propriety of race-based admissions systems in that context," he wrote. "This opinion also does not address the issue, in light of the potentially distinct interests that military academies may present."

NAACP CEO Derrick Johnson blasted the ruling, saying in a statement, "Today the Supreme Court has bowed to the personally held beliefs of an extremist minority."

"We will not allow hate-inspired people in power to turn back the clock and undermine our hard-won victories," said Johnson.

"The tricks of America's dark past will not be tolerated. Let me be clear - affirmative action exists because we cannot rely on colleges, universities, and employers to enact admissions and hiring practices that embrace diversity, equity and inclusion. Race plays an undeniable role in shaping the identities of and quality of life for Black Americans."